英语语法
<h2>一、 英语从句</h2>
<h3>1. 原理</h3>
<p>五种基本句型、句子成分、复杂句(将简单句[从句]嵌入主句的句子成分中)</p>
<h3>2. 分类</h3>
<p>主语从句、宾语从句、宾语补语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、状语从句、定语从句</p>
<h3>3. 定语从句</h3>
<p>先行词、关系词(关系代词、关系副词)，在句子中做定语</p>
<h4>3.1 关系代词that和which的区别：</h4>
<p>that:先行词是明确的, The rabbit ate the largest carrot that I've ever seen.
which:先行词是多选一的, The rabbit ate a carrot which I bought.
关系副词：where when why,关系副词可以转为关系代词 at which, on which, for which; 关系副词相当于介词 + 关系代词</p>
<h4>3.2 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句</h4>
<p>限制性定语从句：限定范围/性质
The rabbit ate the carrot which was on the table.(兔子在吃桌上的那根胡萝卜)，限定桌上的胡萝卜
非限制性定语从句：
The rabbit ate the carrot, which was on the table. (兔子在吃胡萝卜，兔子在桌山) which 指代 the rabbit，一般用逗号隔开；
非限定性定语从句做插入语，补充说明先行词，去掉也不影响句意； The biggest carrot, which the rabbit ate, was on the table.
非限定性定语从句指代整句话, The rabbit ate the carrot, which was not surprising.</p>
<h3>4. 主语从句</h3>
<p>以引导词（连接代词/连接副词）开头
引导词that： That the rabbit ate a carrot is obvious.
引导词还可以有：whether,where,when,how,who,what;这些引导词出现在问句中，被叫做疑问代词/疑问副词
以引导词开头的主语从句如果从句过长，会导致关键信息很晚才能知道，可以换种说法。
It is obvious that the rabbit ate a carrot. it表示形式主语，后面的从句才 是真正的主语。</p>
<h3>5. 宾语从句</h3>
<p>I saw that the rabbit ate the carrot.从句在句子中做宾语
引导词跟主语从句一样，还有whether,where,when,how,who,what.
在宾语从句中，引导词that往往可以省略(在不产生歧义或者语法错误时 )。
I know that the rabbit ate a carrot.等同于 I know the rabbit ate a carrot.
在做否定时，否定加在谓语动词前，而非从句中
I don't think that the rabbit is smart. 我认为这兔子不聪明
一般情况下，主从时态保持一致，除非从句描述的是客观事实</p>
<h3>6. 表语从句</h3>
<p>系动词有 be,feel,seem,look,taste,smell...
引导词跟主语从句一样。
表语从句(主语补语从句)往往就是把主语从句的从句移到系动词之后。
The secret is that the rabbit ate a carrot.</p>
<h3>7. 同位语从句</h3>
<p>所谓同位语，就是用不同的方式把一个概念再说一遍，与这个概念有同等地位。
The fact that the rabbit ate the carrot did not surprise me.
I am sure of the fact that there's a carrot on the table.</p>
<h3>8. 宾语补语从句</h3>
<p>需要宾语补语的动词，call,make,consider...
My education made me who I am today.我的教育造就了今天的我。</p>
<h3>9. 状语从句(副词从句)</h3>
<p>副词从句在句子中起副词的作用，一般补充说明动词、形容词、副词等。</p>
<h4>9.1 表时间的时间副词从句</h4>
<h5>9.1.1 在某一时间点之前，引导词before</h5>
<p>The rabbit ate a carrot at home before the wolf stopped by.
Befor the wolf stopped by, the rabbit ate a carrot at home.</p>
<h5>9.1.2 在某一时间点之中，引导词when,while,as</h5>
<p>三者的区别是：
when:时间点，有‘突然’之意 The rabbit was eating a carrot at home when the wolf stopped by.
while:时间段，有'过程中'之意 The rabbit was eating a carrot while I was making a video.
as：同时进行两个动作，一边...一边...I ate a carrot as I made the video.</p>
<h5>9.1.3 在某一时间点之后，引导词after</h5>
<p>The rabbit ate a carrot after the wolf stopped by.</p>
<h5>9.1.4 从之前某一时间点开始算，引导词since</h5>
<p>The rabbit has shared three carrots since the wolf stopped by.</p>
<h5>9.1.5 知道之后某一时间点，引导词until</h5>
<p>The rabbit waited until the wolf stopped by.</p>
<h5>9.1.6 一...就...，引导词as soon as</h5>
<p>The rabbit will eat a carrot as soon as the wolf leaves.</p>
<h5>9.1.7 下次..., 引导词the next time</h5>
<p>The rabbit will share the biggest carrot the next time the wolf stops by.</p>
<h4>9.2 表地点的地点副词从句</h4>
<p>引导词：where + "强调形式"，强调形式的先行词有wherever,everywhere,anywhere
The rabbit ate the carrot where he found it. </p>
<h4>9.3 表条件的条件副词从句</h4>
<p>引导词：if, unless(除非), provided(假如), as long as(只要...就), in case(万一)
条件句总是比主句在时态上落后一时间段。
If you like this video, you will give it a thumbs-up.
Unless you like this video, you will not give it a thumbs-up.</p>
<h4>9.4 表让步的让步副词从句</h4>
<p>引导词：even if(即使), although/though/even though(尽管,虽然 ), not matter/regardless of(不论怎样，不管如何，表示未知情况)
Although I see a carrot, I will not eat it.
No matter what happens, I will not eat the carrot.</p>
<h4>9.5 表方式的方式副词从句</h4>
<h6>9.5.1 好像某事发生过的方式，引导词 as if(就好像...一样)</h6>
<p>I feel good as if I just ate a carrot.</p>
<h5>9.5.2 好像某事正在发生的方式 引导词 as(像...一样)</h5>
<p>Eat the carrot as I do.(像我一样吃胡萝卜)</p>
<h4>9.6 表比较的比较副词从句</h4>
<h5>9.6.1比，引导词than</h5>
<p>He is smarter than me.</p>
<h5>9.6.2 和 ... 一样，as ... as</h5>
<p>He is as smarter as I am.</p>
<h5>9.6.3 越怎么样就越怎么样，the+比较级, the+比较级</h5>
<p>The more you practice English, the more fluent you become.</p>
<h4>9.7 表原因的原因副词从句</h4>
<h5>9.7.1 引导词：because, since、as (因为，既然)</h5>
<p>The rabbit ate the carrot because he was hungry.
Since you are hungry, you can eat the carrot.</p>
<h5>9.7.2 三者的区别：</h5>
<ol>
<li>从因果/语气的角度看，because > since > as ,because 是实实在在的因果关系，since 是大家都知道的事，as表示显而易见的事实</li>
<li>because放在前后都可以，since/as放在句子开头
for也可以表示原因，但它是一个连词，句子是一个复合句，不是原因状语从句
You must really like me(推测的结果), for you have given all my videos a thumbs-up(这么推测的原因).</li>
</ol>
<h4>9.8 表目的的目的副词从句</h4>
<h5>9.8.1 引导词：In order that, so that</h5>
<p>因为要达到目的A(从句)，所以做了B(主句).
In order that I could finish the video in time, I pulled an all-nighter.
I pulled an all-nighter, so that I could finish the video in time.
目的状语从句中，一般使用情态动词can, could, might, should, would等，因为这样能更好的体现目的。</p>
<h4>9.9 表结果的结果副词从句</h4>
<h5>9.9.1 引导词：so that, so...that, such that</h5>
<p>I ate a lot of carrots for lunch so that I wasn't hungry at all in the afternoon.
I ate so many carrots for lunch that I felt sick afterwards.
It was such (a tasty carrot 名词性成分) that I ate it all at once.</p>
<h5>9.9.2 区别</h5>
<p>so 后面接形容词，such后接名词</p>
<h2>二、 倒装句</h2>
<p>为了强调某些信息而颠倒了原有的语序。</p>
<h3>1. 完全倒装(谓语动词完全在主语前)</h3>
<h4>1.1 副词/介词短语在句首的倒装</h4>
<h5>1.1.1 地点副词在句首的倒装</h5>
<p>The last bus goes.(There goes the last bus.)</p>
<h5>1.1.2 时间副词在句首的倒装(now、then...)</h5>
<p>Now comes the wolf's turn.</p>
<h5>1.1.3 表运动方向的副词在句首的倒装(in,out,up,down,away)</h5>
<p>Up went the carrots into the air.</p>
<h5>1.1.4 介词短语在句首的倒装</h5>
<p>At the table sat a rabbit.</p>
<h4>1.2 表语的倒装 可将(形容词,分词,介词短语,such)放在句首</h4>
<p>Seated on the ground is a group of rabbits.
Such were the wolf's tricks.</p>
<h3>2. 部分倒装(仅助动词放在主语之前)</h3>
<p>分离助动词和谓语动词，提前助动词</p>
<h4>2.1 句首有否定意义词时的倒装</h4>
<p>Never befor have I eaten such a delicious carrot.</p>
<h4>2.2 句首有only时的倒装</h4>
<p>Only in this way can we grow delicious carrots.</p>
<h4>2.3 if...should...构成虚拟语气的倒转</h4>
<p>If I should win the lottery, I would buy a huge pile of carrots. 变成
Should I win the lottery, I would buy a huge pipe of carrots.</p>
<h4>2.4 固定句型中的倒装(so, neither/nor)</h4>
<p>So do I. Neither/Nor can I.</p>
<h3>3. 形式倒装(谓语动词不提前)</h3>
<p>仅将强调的内容提至句首，谓语动词不提前。</p>
<h4>3.1 感叹句中的倒装</h4>
<p>What a delicious carrot it is!</p>
<h4>3.2 比较级句型中的倒装</h4>
<p>The more carrots you eat, the healthier you become.</p>
<h4>3.3 however,whatever...引导让步状语从句的倒装</h4>
<p>However long this video is, you should watch it till the end.</p>
<h4>3.4 as,though...引导让步状语从句的倒装</h4>
<p>Much as he likes the carrot, he doesn't want to eat it.</p>
<h2>三、 主谓一致</h2>
<p>主语和谓语传递的信息一致</p>
<h3>1. 语法一致</h3>
<h4>1.1 谓语动词在形式上和主语的单复数保持一致</h4>
<h4>1.2 假象主语/就远一致 (as well as, except, but 在这些词中用到)</h4>
<p>The rabbit as well as other animals gets a carrot.
All the animals except the wolf get the carrots.</p>
<h4>1.3 不定代词作主语 (everyone, each, both, some, none, neither)</h4>
<p>Everyone gets a carrot.
Both of them like carrots.
Neither of them is/are afraid of the wolf.</p>
<h3>2. 意义一致</h3>
<p>主语意义为单数，则谓语动词为单数；主语意义为复数，则谓语动词也需要用复数。</p>
<h4>2.1 同一个主语不同的身份</h4>
<p>The teacher and video creator is a rabbit.</p>
<h4>2.2 复数名词是一个单数意义</h4>
<p>Ten years is a long time.</p>
<h4>2.3 不定代词的单复数意义</h4>
<p>All is quit.(All指的是一切，表示一个抽象意义)
All are quit. (All指的是大家，表示复数) 具体还得看语境</p>
<h4>2.4 形复意单(用单数谓语动词)</h4>
<p>Physicals is my favorite subject.</p>
<h4>2.5 形单意复(用复数谓语动词)</h4>
<p>the cattle are on the bill. 牛群在山上。</p>
<h4>2.6 单复数同行(单复数都可以，看语境)</h4>
<p>The sheep are eating grass.</p>
<h4>2.7 集合名词(单复数都可以，看语境)</h4>
<p>The rabbit's family is huge.</p>
<h3>3. 就近一致</h3>
<p>谓语动词的单复数由最近的主语决定。 </p>
<h5>3.1 or, either...or...(要么...要么...), neighter...nor...(既不...也不...), not only...but also...(不仅...而且...)</h5>
<p>Either you or I am going to the paty.
Not only the rabbit but also many animals like carrots.</p>
<h4>3.2 there be</h4>
<p>There is a carrot and two apples on the table.</p>
<h2>四、 冠词</h2>
<h3>1. 不定冠词 (a/an) a 用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前</h3>
<h4>1.1 泛指某一个(类)人或物 A rabbit is smarter than a wolf.</h4>
<h4>1.2 表示数字1 I gave you a hundred carrots.</h4>
<h4>1.3 表示每 I eat ten carrots a day.</h4>
<h4>1.4 主谓一致 a teacher and video creator.</h4>
<h4>1.5 固定表达 have a good time.</h4>
<h3>2. 定冠词 the</h3>
<h4>2.1 特指，表示某个或某些特定的人或物</h4>
<h4>2.2 再次提到的人或物</h4>
<h4>2.3 用在序数词或形容词的最高级前</h4>
<h4>2.4 用在独一无二的名词前</h4>
<h4>2.5 在形容词前 the poor</h4>
<h4>2.6 泛指(一般用在西洋古典乐器中) play the piano</h4>
<h4>2.7 固定表达 by the way</h4>
<h3>3. 零冠词</h3>
<h4>3.1 复数泛指 Rabbits are smart.</h4>
<p>Computers have changed our way of life.</p>
<h4>3.2 泛指"概念"，这种概念是脑中形成的抽象概念。</h4>
<p>Summer is hot. I want to play football.(football 足球运动这个抽象概念，而不是足球)</p>
<h4>3.3 专有名词</h4>
<h4>3.4 固定表达</h4>
<p>face to face， out of question</p>
<h2>五、 介词</h2>
<h3>1. 介词的原理</h3>
<p>介词是放在名词、代词等之前，用来给他们增添附加信息的词。附加信息包括时间信息、空间信息、方式信息、逻辑信息(原因、目的、对象)等等。是一种前置词。</p>
<h3>2. 介词的结构形式</h3>
<h4>2.1 简单介词</h4>
<p>in 在...里;
to 朝;
with 和;
on 在...上面;
util 直到;
along 沿着;
except 除了;
beyond 在...之外;</p>
<h4>2.2 短语介词</h4>
<p>by way of 通过...方式;
at the end of 在...的最后;
along with 和...一起;
because of 因为...;
previous to ...之前</p>
<h4>2.3 合成介词</h4>
<p>into 到...之内;
onto 到...之上;
within 在...之内;</p>
<h4>2.4 分词介词</h4>
<p>including 包括...;
regarding 关于...,至于...;
considering 鉴于...,考虑到...;
given 考虑到...,如果...</p>
<h3>3. 介词的学习误区</h3>
<p>不要在英文介词里找到一个相对应的中文介词，两种不同的语言，两种不同的思维方式，并不是所有的东西都能一一对应的。</p>
<h3>4. 介词的学习诀窍</h3>
<p>学会介词的本义和引申义。
about 关于(外围;有涉及,非核心);大约(从外大范围大致数数);针对(从外向内的解决);到处(在外面来来回回);某人某事有某种特征</p>
<h3>5. 常用介词用法</h3>
<h4>5.1 表示空间的介词</h4>
<p>in 在...里面(空间里) in the house
at 在某处(一个确定的点) at the corner
on 在...上面(表面上,有接触) on the table</p>
<p>over 在...上方(正上方,没接触);覆盖(有接触);越过上空(动态) over the mountain
above 在...上方(高出平面,非动态) above us 在我们上面
under 在...下方(与over相对应) under the table
below 在...下方(与above相对应)</p>
<p>near 在...附近; 在...周边(有些距离) near the school
by 在...旁边(距离较近) by the river
beside 在...旁边(通常可以与by互换, 可以做比较)
next to 靠近;紧挨着;下一个 next to t he park</p>
<p>across (从表面)横过 across the street
through (从内部)穿过 through the forest
past (从旁边)经过;路过 past the house</p>
<p>in front of 在...前方 in front of desk
before 在...之前(一般不用作空间介词, 除非是表达在众人之前) before the crowd
behind 在...后面(与in front of 相对应)
between 在...之间(侧重在两两之间)
among 在...之间(侧重在三者及三者以上之间)</p>
<p>round 围绕;环绕 round the field
around 围绕;环绕(两者意思相近,可互换)</p>
<p>along 沿着;顺着 along the road</p>
<p>to 向;朝...
toward 朝着...的方向 walk toward home
towards 朝着...的方向</p>
<p>onto 到...上面(动态) onto the table
into 到...里面(动态) into the house</p>
<p>out of 从里面出来 get out of car</p>
<p>opposite 在...对面 opposite shop</p>
<p>against 与...相反(反方向);倚靠 against the tree</p>
<p>up 沿...向上 up the hill
down 沿...向下 roll down the hill</p>
<p>off 离...有一定距离</p>
<h4>5.2 表示时间的介词</h4>
<p>in 在...里面(在范围相对较大的时间里面) in winter
on 在...上面(范围相对较小一些) on Monday
at 在某处(在一个具体的时间点) at noon</p>
<p>during 持续;在...期间 during the past 2 days
for 因为;因...持续 I've been learning English for 2 years
since 自从 since last week</p>
<p>before 在...之前 before Monday
after 在...之后 after two years
in (从此刻之后)在某段时间内(不确定信息) in 2 hours</p>
<p>from...to... 从什么时候到什么时候 from 9:00 to 10:00
by 不迟于...前 by tomorrow 在明天之前
until 知道...为止 until 8 o'clock</p>
<h4>5.3 表示方式的介词</h4>
<p>in 用...方式 in English 用英语
through 通过...方式 We succeed through work hard.
by 通过...方式 We learn English by watching videos.
with 用... We write with pens.
on 通过 We talked on the phone.</p>
<h4>5.4 表示原因的介词</h4>
<p>for 因为...,由于...
with 因为,原因是... The rabbit is shaking with cold.
because + 从句 因为
because of + 名词 因为 The rabbit didn't go out becaus of th rain.
due to 由于;因为
owing to 由于;因为
on account of 由于;因为</p>
<h4>5.5 表示关于的介词</h4>
<p>about 关于
of 相关的
on 关于</p>
<h4>5.6 表示数值的介词</h4>
<p>at 在某处(表示一个点) at a high price; at a fast rate
by 按某种标准(后接度量标准) They get paid by the hour.
for 以...的价钱 I bought these books for 100 Yuan.</p>
<h4>5.7 表示状态的介词</h4>
<p>in 在...状态中 in progress 在进行中
on
at 在某个状态 at work
under 在(框架,前提)下 under discussion</p>
<h4>5.8 表示排除的介词</h4>
<p>besides 除了...还 I like many things besides carrots.
expect 除了...(从整体中剔除) Everyon went to the party except the rabbit.
except for 除了...(往往用来对之前的内容进行反驳,表示美中不足的是...) The party is great except for the loud music.</p>
<h3>6. 介词短语</h3>
<p>介词短语已经是一个完整的意思了，可以充当句子成分。</p>
<h4>6.1 介词固定搭配</h4>
<p>for example 比如/例如
at ease 自在
in turn 依次
need for 需要
long for 渴望
ready for 为...准备</p>
<h3>7. 短语动词</h3>
<p>check out 退房
make out 分辨
put out 熄灭
pass out 晕倒
work out 健身
look out 小心
knock out 打晕</p>